12/5/2025
COPPER SMELTERS TURN TO BY-PRODUCTS, COMPLEX CONCENTRATES AMID SUPPLY SCARCITY
Major copper smelters Hindalco and Aurubis outlined strategies including digital efficiency, by-product valorization, recycling and complex concentrate processing to combat deeply negative treatment charges (TCs) at the Resourcing Tomorrow conference in London on Tuesday December 2.
The copper industry needs one new major mine online every year to meet demand, but project timelines of 17-25 years mean the industry faces a supply gap it cannot close, Juan Ignacio Díaz, president and chief executive officer of the International Copper Association, said at the event.
"I honestly don't know where we're going to get the copper from,” Díaz said.
TCs are expected to remain at their worst levels in the first and second quarters of 2026, with limited improvement expected until the second half of the year, according to Rohit Pathak, chief executive officer of copper business at Hindalco Industries.
Tore Prang, vice president of corporate communications and external affairs at Aurubis, said the company opened a new recycling facility in Richmond, Georgia, in 2025 with capacity to process 180,000 tonnes of input material annually, producing 70,000-80,000 tonnes of output.
"The US has always exported copper scrap and metal scrap to China. Recently, the US administration introduced quotas for copper scrap export to China… about 25% of the material should be processed in the country," Prang said.
The US government plans to restrict copper scrap exports starting in 2027, requiring at least 25% of high-quality copper scrap be retained for domestic use, Prang said. The US exported nearly 957,000 tonnes of copper scrap in 2024, with China historically receiving 40-50% of shipments.
The Aurubis facility is modular and can be expanded, Prang said.
Governments are increasingly recognizing copper's strategic importance, Díaz said. The US recently designated copper as a critical mineral, which brings financial benefits and faster permitting. India has also classified copper as a critical mineral.
The European Union has designated copper as a critical raw material, while China has embedded copper into its industrial policy without formal designation, he said. "Every country has a different approach. And the commonality of them is that copper is being recognized as essential.”
Global copper mine production stood at approximately 23 million tonnes in 2024, while refined copper production reached around 27.5 million tonnes, with secondary production from scrap recycling accounting for roughly 17-18% of the total. Díaz said production needs to roughly double to meet future demand.